Skepticism about metaphysics holds that it is not possible to know the fundamental nature of reality, such as claims about categories of being or the existence of universals. For example, emotivism holds that value statements express emotional attitudes of subjective approval or disapproval rather than objective facts. Realists hold that values are objective features of reality, meaning that there are mind-independent facts about whether something is good or bad, irrespective of subjective beliefs or personal preferences. Phenomenalism, a related view, reduces physical objects to collections of actual or possible sensory experiences. In the broadest sense, realism is the view that the external world and its constituents exist as they do regardless of how people perceive or think about them.
Some philosophers, such as Alexius Meinong, hold that being is a broader concept than reality, encompassing nonexistent objects, such as merely possible or incomplete objects, in addition to real or actual ones. In the broadest sense, being is the most general category that applies to everything and contrasts only with nothingness. The term reality overlaps with various related concepts, such as being, existence, world, actuality, and truth. This view contrasts being real with being fake, like the distinction between a real duck and a fake one used zumospin casino as a decoy.
Atomists affirm their existence, whereas continuum theorists hold that matter is infinitely divisible. Mereological universalism holds that any collection of entities constitutes a whole, even if the entities are otherwise unrelated. Various theories of the mereological principles underlying composition have been proposed.
In this sense, there can be matter without biological life, whereas life is built upon matter and depends on it. Unreal entities, by contrast, depend for their existence on thoughts and ideas; they would not arise or would vanish without the mental activity creating or sustaining them. Anti-realism, by contrast, holds that certain aspects of reality depend on mental processes, subjective perspectives, or social conventions.
- Epistemology, another philosophical subdiscipline, explores how people can know reality.
- Discussed in ancient Greek philosophy as the Eleatic principle, it states that to be real is to be able to produce changes and to be affected by them.
- This view contrasts being real with being fake, like the distinction between a real duck and a fake one used as a decoy.
- Contemporary technology in the form of augmented and virtual reality can inform experience and raises questions about the ontological status of virtual objects.
- Anti-realist views reject the mind-independent existence of values and can take various forms.
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Values
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- Inspired by Plato’s realm of forms, Plotinus (c. 204 – c. 270 CE) identified the One as the supreme principle underlying all of reality.
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- For example, metaphysical idealism asserts that everything is essentially mental, for instance, by understanding material objects as ideas in the mind.
- Dummett concludes that, according to realism, a sentence is either true or false, while according to anti-realism, there is a third option for undecidable sentences that can be neither verified nor falsified.
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It focuses on how individuals experience reality and how conscious states are intentional or directed towards entities other than themselves. Epistemology, another philosophical subdiscipline, explores how people can know reality. They examine what it means for something to be real, how entities are divided into different categories of being, and which entities exist at the most fundamental level. A worldview is a comprehensive framework for understanding reality and humanity’s place within it.
Relativism, another form of anti-realism, holds that what counts as real varies based on one’s perspective or conceptual framework. For example, metaphysical idealism asserts that everything is essentially mental, for instance, by understanding material objects as ideas in the mind. In this sense, reality does not depend on human knowledge or consciousness and exists apart from them, including the aspects that no one is aware of.
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Related concepts
Realists and anti-realists about abstract objects debate whether, or in what sense, such entities form part of reality. Nominalism, another anti-realist view, rejects both mental and non-mental interpretations of universals. For example, a person may be a realist about universals and an anti-realist about values.
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